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Home   Medical Literature on Regenerative Medicine

Medical Literature on Regenerative Medicine

Patient Education Resource
As discussed on our regenerative medicine information page, regenerative medicine is a diverse and rapidly evolving field of research. A number of treatment approaches are currently being studied; some remain limited to research settings, and some may be discussed in our clinic, while others are not offered here.
To support patients who want to learn more about this field, we have compiled links to a range of medical journal articles related to regenerative medicine research. These articles are provided for educational purposes only. Inclusion of an article on this page does not mean that we recommend, endorse, or offer the specific products or procedures described in that study.
How to Read This Page
Scientific evidence exists on a spectrum. The articles below include different types of research, from basic laboratory studies (in vitro) to animal studies (preclinical) to early human studies.
We have included this range to show the scope of investigation taking place in this field. Not all study types carry the same weight, and early-stage findings do not always translate into routine clinical care.
A consultation with our clinical team is the best way to understand how this evolving science may or may not relate to your specific health situation.
Nothing on this page is intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any medical condition. The articles linked below represent scientific research and discussion within the medical literature. Any treatment recommendations at our clinic are based on an individualized medical evaluation conducted by our trained clinical staff.
How to Use These Articles
  • Use these papers as a starting point for questions, not as a treatment plan.
  • Review the study type to understand how early or advanced the evidence is.
  • Bring questions from these articles to your consultation so they can be discussed in the context of your overall health.
Foundational Science: Understanding How It Works
These articles explore basic biological mechanisms, including how cells communicate, how vesicles form, and how signaling molecules influence tissue responses. These foundational studies provide scientific groundwork for the field, but they do not by themselves define standard medical care.
1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immune-Evasive, Not Immune-Privileged
Primary author: James A. Ankrum
Publication: Nature Biotechnology
Publication date: 2014
Study type: Perspective article
Summary: This perspective article explains how mesenchymal stem cells interact with the immune system and why their behavior depends on the surrounding biological environment. It helps readers understand why these cells may behave differently in different research and therapy settings.
2. Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis and Release
Primary author: Nils Petter Hessvik
Publication: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
Publication date: 2018
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review explains how exosomes form inside cells and how they are released into the surrounding environment. It helps readers understand where these vesicles come from and why they can differ in size, content, and function.
3. Exosomes: A Review of Biologic Function, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications, and Clinical Trials
Primary author: Yen Fu Chen
Publication: Journal of Biomedical Science
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Broad review article
Summary: This broad review describes what exosomes are, how they are formed, and how they participate in cell-to-cell communication. It also discusses research on using exosomes as diagnostic tools and as carriers for targeted therapies, mainly in cancer, and summarizes related clinical trial activity and limitations.
4. Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Roles in Regenerative Medicine
Primary author: Thomas Lener
Publication: Frontiers in Pharmacology
Publication date: 2015
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review examines how extracellular vesicles may act as communication tools between cells in regenerative medicine research. It also outlines why researchers are studying them as cell-free products and what scientific and technical challenges remain.
5. Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine: Potentials and Challenges
Primary author: Jae Y. Lee
Publication: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Publication date: 2021
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review discusses why extracellular vesicles are being studied in regenerative medicine as a possible alternative or complement to cell-based therapies. It outlines potential advantages while emphasizing regulatory and technical hurdles that must be addressed before broader clinical use.
6. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Paracrine Signaling and Differentiation During Cutaneous Wound Repair
Primary author: Allison M. Hocking
Publication: Experimental Cell Research
Publication date: 2010
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review discusses how mesenchymal stem cells may influence wound healing through secreted factors and signaling rather than only by becoming new tissue. It focuses on skin repair, inflammation, and new blood vessel formation in cutaneous wounds.
7. Transfer of Growth Factor Receptor mRNA Via Exosomes Unravels the Regenerative Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Primary author: Stefania Tomasoni
Publication: Stem Cells and Development
Publication date: 2013
Study type: Experimental study (laboratory)
Summary: This experimental study explores how exosomes can transfer messenger RNA between cells in a kidney injury model. It examines one possible way cell-to-cell signaling may contribute to tissue repair.
8. Selective Enrichment of microRNAs in Extracellular Matrix Vesicles Produced by Growth Plate Chondrocytes
Primary author: Zhen Lin
Publication: Bone
Publication date: 2016
Study type: Laboratory study
Summary: This study looks at vesicles released by cartilage cells involved in growing bone. It shows that specific microRNAs are selectively packaged into these vesicles, suggesting a possible role in cell-to-cell signaling during skeletal development.
Musculoskeletal & Joint Research: Research in Progress
These articles focus on research related to joints, cartilage, tendons, and orthopedic conditions. They reflect areas where regenerative approaches are being actively studied in laboratory models and early clinical settings, but they do not establish standard treatment protocols.
9. Current Applications of Growth Factors for Knee Cartilage Repair and Osteoarthritis Treatment
Primary author: Shailesh S. Shah
Publication: Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
Publication date: 2020
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review looks at how various growth factors are being studied for knee cartilage repair and osteoarthritis, including their roles alongside surgical techniques. It provides context for how signaling molecules and biologic agents are being investigated in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine.
10. Platelet-Rich Plasma for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Mechanisms, Preparation Protocols, and Clinical Evidence
Primary author: Wojciech M. Glinkowski
Publication: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Publication date: 2025
Study type: Narrative review
Summary: This narrative review summarizes research on platelet-rich plasma in knee osteoarthritis, including proposed mechanisms, preparation methods, and clinical trial findings. It also notes ongoing variability in methods and results across studies.
11. Integration of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes with In Situ Hydrogel Glue as a Promising Tissue Patch for Articular Cartilage Regeneration
Primary author: Xiaoqing Liu
Publication: Nanoscale
Publication date: 2017
Study type: Preclinical study (laboratory model)
Summary: This preclinical study evaluates a hydrogel tissue patch that incorporates stem cell-derived exosomes for experimental cartilage repair. It examines how the material and vesicles behave in laboratory cartilage models rather than in routine patient care.
12. Umbilical Cord-Derived Wharton’s Jelly for Regenerative Medicine Applications in Orthopedic Surgery
Primary author: Amit Gupta
Publication: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
Publication date: 2020
Study type: Composition analysis / review
Summary: This article describes a Wharton’s jelly formulation derived from umbilical cord tissue and analyzes its contents, including growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles. It focuses on composition and rationale for orthopedic use rather than long-term treatment outcomes in patients.
13. Homologous Use of Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Tissue to Reduce Knee Pain and Improve Knee Function
Primary author: Robert B. Timmons
Publication: Life
Publication date: 2022
Study type: Prospective study (human)
Summary: This prospective study followed adults with chronic knee pain after ultrasound-guided injection of cryopreserved umbilical cord tissue into the knee joint. It reports changes in pain scores, knee function, and medication use over 24 weeks, providing early clinical data.
14. Revision Carpal Tunnel Release With Umbilical Cord Allograft: A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Primary author: Nicholas L. Newcomb
Publication: Ochsner Journal
Publication date: Spring 2023
Study type: Retrospective cohort study (human)
Summary: This retrospective study compares revision carpal tunnel surgery with and without placement of an umbilical cord allograft around the median nerve. It reports symptom changes and complications over longer follow-up in a relatively small, non-randomized group.
15. Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane and Umbilical Cord Particulate Matrix for Partial Rotator Cuff Tears: A Case Series
Primary author: John F. Ackley
Publication: Medicine
Publication date: 2019
Study type: Case series (human)
Summary: This case series followed patients with partial rotator cuff tears who received a single injection of amniotic membrane and umbilical cord particulate matrix. It reports changes in pain, function, and range of motion over six months.
16. Safety and Efficacy of Wharton’s Jelly Connective Tissue Allograft for Rotator Cuff Tears: Findings from a Retrospective Observational Study
Primary author: Angela Lai
Publication: Biomedicines
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Retrospective observational study (human)
Summary: This retrospective study reports short-term outcomes in patients with rotator cuff-related defects after application of a Wharton’s jelly allograft. It tracks pain scores and function over 90 days and notes that future controlled studies are needed.
17. Amniotic Tissues for the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciosis and Achilles Tendinosis
Primary author: Bruce Werber
Publication: Journal of Sports Medicine
Publication date: 2015
Study type: Clinical study (human)
Summary: This clinical study followed patients with chronic plantar fasciosis or Achilles tendinosis who received injections of an amniotic tissue product. It reports changes in pain over a 12-week follow-up period in a small group.
18. Clinical Outcome of Achilles Tendon Repair Using Viable Intact Cryopreserved Umbilical Tissue Versus Standard of Care
Primary author: John Brandeisky
Publication: Wounds
Publication date: 2017
Study type: Comparative study (human)
Summary: This rapid communication compares Achilles tendon repairs augmented with cryopreserved umbilical tissue against historical standard-of-care repairs. It focuses on pain, wound healing observations, and time to return to shoes in a small patient group.
Wound Healing & Skin Research: Experimental and Early Clinical Work
These articles examine the potential role of regenerative approaches in skin repair, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. This is an area where much of the research remains preclinical or based on small early clinical studies.
19. Concise Review: Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Wound Repair
Primary author: Geoffrey C. Gurtner
Publication: Stem Cells
Publication date: 2012
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review explains how mesenchymal stem cells are being studied in wound repair and tissue regeneration. It focuses on how these cells may influence inflammation, tissue protection, and repair processes through both differentiation and signaling.
20. MSC-Exosome: A Novel Cell-Free Therapy for Cutaneous Regeneration
Primary author: Bicheng Chen
Publication: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Publication date: 2018
Study type: Review article
Summary: This article reviews how extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells are being studied in skin and wound healing models. It focuses on how these vesicles may transfer biological signals that influence tissue response and repair in preclinical settings.
21. Wound Healing Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: A Critical Role of Secretory Factors on Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Primary author: Woo Seob Kim
Publication: Journal of Dermatological Science
Publication date: 2007
Study type: Preclinical study (laboratory)
Summary: This preclinical study looks at how adipose-derived stem cells affect skin fibroblasts and wound healing models. It focuses on the substances these cells secrete and how those factors may influence cell growth and movement in the lab.
22. Treatment of a Recurrent Ischial Ulcer with Injected Exosomes
Primary author: Gina E. Messa
Publication: Journal of Wound Care
Publication date: 2022
Study type: Case report
Summary: This case report describes the course of a single patient with a recurrent ischial pressure ulcer who received injected exosomes as part of wound management. It reports the wound healing outcome in that individual case only.
23. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activate Dermal Papilla Cells In Vitro and Promote Hair Follicle Conversion from Telogen to Anagen in Mice
Primary author: Lei Zhou
Publication: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Publication date: 2020
Study type: Preclinical study (laboratory and animal)
Summary: This preclinical study looks at extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells in hair-related laboratory and mouse models. It reports how these vesicles affected dermal papilla cells in the lab and hair cycle changes in mice.
Neurology & Nervous System Research: Early-Stage Evidence
These studies represent early-stage research into the role of cell signaling in nervous system health. Most of this research remains in laboratory and animal models, with only a small number of pilot human studies.
24. Treatment of Idiopathic Facial Paralysis (Bell’s Palsy) and Secondary Facial Paralysis with Extracellular Vesicles: A Pilot Safety Study
Primary author: Philip A. Dreschnack
Publication: BMC Neurology
Publication date: 2023
Study type: Pilot study (human)
Summary: This small pilot study followed patients with facial paralysis who received a series of treatments with extracellular vesicles. It primarily reports safety findings and short-term changes in facial function scores.
25. Exosome-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Neurological Therapeutics
Primary author: S. A. Vahab
Publication: Drug Delivery and Translational Research
Publication date: 2025
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review discusses how exosomes are being explored as potential delivery vehicles for medications targeting the brain and nervous system. It focuses on design concepts, delivery challenges, and safety questions.
26. Exosomal Delivery of Therapeutic Modulators Through the Blood-Brain Barrier: Promise and Pitfalls
Primary author: Mehrdad Heidarzadeh
Publication: Cell & Bioscience
Publication date: 2021
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review examines how exosomes might help carry therapeutic molecules across the blood-brain barrier in experimental settings. It also emphasizes major scientific, technical, and safety challenges in this developing area.
27. Extracellular Vesicles Through the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review
Primary author: H. M. Ramos-Zaldívar
Publication: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
Publication date: 2022
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review summarizes what is known about how extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier in laboratory and animal models. It explains why the topic is important for neurological research and points out current evidence limitations.
28. Therapeutic Application of Exosomes in Ischaemic Stroke
Primary author: Yong Li
Publication: Stroke and Vascular Neurology
Publication date: 2021
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review summarizes exosome research in ischemic stroke, including laboratory and animal studies as well as early clinical trial efforts. It discusses how exosomes are being studied in relation to brain injury and recovery signaling.
29. MSC-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Erectile Dysfunction by Alleviation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
Primary author: Xiaodong Ouyang
Publication: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Publication date: 2018
Study type: Animal study
Summary: This animal study examines mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in a rat model of nerve-related erectile dysfunction. It focuses on tissue changes and cell survival after treatment in animals rather than humans.
Respiratory Health: Research in Progress
These articles examine research into regenerative approaches for respiratory conditions, including lung tissue and airway health. This remains an area of active preclinical and early clinical investigation.
30. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Infusion for the Treatment of Respiratory Failure From COVID-19: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dosing Clinical Trial
Primary author: Andrew L. Lightner
Publication: Chest
Publication date: 2023
Study type: Randomized controlled trial (human)
Summary: This randomized, placebo-controlled trial studied an extracellular vesicle product derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. It reports dosing, safety findings, and clinical outcome measures in a controlled hospital setting.
31. Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Treatment for Severe COVID-19
Primary author: Vikas Sengupta
Publication: Stem Cells and Development
Publication date: 2020
Study type: Early clinical study (human)
Summary: This early clinical study reports on the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in patients with severe COVID-19. It focuses on safety and changes in respiratory and inflammatory measures in a small group.
32. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy of Pulmonary Fibrosis: Improvement with Target Combination
Primary author: Hui-Min Chuang
Publication: Cell Transplantation
Publication date: 2018
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review discusses how mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been studied in pulmonary fibrosis models and early human experience. It focuses on possible mechanisms and why more controlled studies are still needed.
Cardiovascular Health: Experimental and Early Research
These articles examine research into regenerative approaches for heart and vascular conditions. Most of this work is still based on laboratory and animal studies.
33. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome: A Novel Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
Primary author: Raymond C. Lai
Publication: Regenerative Medicine
Publication date: 2011
Study type: Review article
Summary: This article reviews early laboratory and animal research on exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells in heart-related injury models. It focuses on how these vesicles are being studied for roles in tissue signaling, inflammation, and repair after cardiovascular damage.
Reviews of Clinical Trials, Challenges, and Future Directions
These articles take a broader view by examining the landscape of clinical trials, regulatory questions, manufacturing challenges, and other issues that must be addressed before these approaches can move into routine clinical care.
34. Concise Review: MSC-Derived Exosomes for Cell-Free Therapy
Primary author: Darwin G. Phinney
Publication: Stem Cells
Publication date: 2017
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review looks at vesicles released by mesenchymal stem cells and how they are being studied for roles in tissue repair and immune regulation. It also discusses challenges in making these cell-free products consistent and safe enough for research and possible clinical use.
35. Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Possible Therapeutic Applications and Their Regulation by the Microenvironment
Primary author: Ricky W. Y. Yeo
Publication: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Publication date: 2013
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review summarizes how exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells are being studied in different organ systems. It also explains practical issues such as manufacturing, standardization, and quality control that must be addressed before broader clinical use.
36. Global Trends of Exosomes Application in Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review
Primary author: Mahdiyeh Rahnama
Publication: Stem Cell Reviews and Reports
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Scoping review
Summary: This scoping review maps how exosomes have been used in registered and published clinical trials across different diseases. It shows that clinical research is still early and uneven, and emphasizes the need for better standardization and safety evaluation.
37. A Review on Exosomes Application in Clinical Trials: Perspective, Questions, and Challenges
Primary author: Jafar Rezaie
Publication: Cell Communication and Signaling
Publication date: 2022
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review summarizes how exosomes are being used and tested in human studies, including as biomarkers, drug carriers, and cell-free therapeutic agents. It highlights major scientific and regulatory questions such as dosing, manufacturing, and quality control.
38. Clinical Applications of Exosomes: A Critical Review
Primary author: K. W. A. Lee
Publication: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Critical review
Summary: This review critically examines how exosomes are being investigated in clinical settings, including regenerative medicine, cancer treatment, and gene delivery. It highlights both possible uses and current limitations, such as challenges in isolation, dosing, and regulatory approval.
39. Exosome-Based Therapies for Inflammatory Disorders: A Review of Recent Advances
Primary author: Muhammad Saleem
Publication: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review looks at exosome research in inflammatory disorders, focusing on how these vesicles are being studied in preclinical models for their effects on immune signaling and tissue responses. It also notes practical challenges involving production, characterization, and delivery.
40. Engineered Exosomes and Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration
Primary author: Wenya Hu
Publication: Theranostics
Publication date: 2024
Study type: Review article
Summary: This review discusses how engineered exosomes are being combined with scaffolds and other biomaterials in tissue regeneration research. It focuses on design strategies, delivery systems, and translational challenges rather than routine clinical use.
Discuss This Research With Our Team
Have questions about this research or how it might relate to your health goals? A consultation provides an opportunity to discuss these topics with a qualified provider in a personalized setting.
Any discussion of this literature in our clinic is for educational purposes and does not obligate you to pursue any particular therapy.
Medical Notice
The articles linked on this page represent scientific research and are provided for educational purposes only. Nothing on this page is intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any medical condition.
Inclusion of an article does not mean that we recommend, endorse, or offer the specific products or procedures described. Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a licensed healthcare provider, based on individual medical needs, available evidence, and current regulatory standards.

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